This is the smallest species studied in HABITRACK, with an obvious sexual size dimorphism (females being smaller) and a long-distance migratory strategy with African winter grounds. The mating strategy of ruff is original, as males display on communal leks that females visit for the purpose of mating only. There are currently large knowledge gaps on the habitat needs and migratory connectivity for both sexes, and we should be able to fill gaps on migration and breeding for males, as well as breeding habitat needs for females.